Free Speech and Social Media: What Are Your Rights? Social Media Marketing in Education | 2 Introduction This white paper and survey on Social Media Marketing in Education is co- sponsored by the Education Division of the Software & Information Industry Association (SIIA), edWeb.net, and MCH Strategic Data. However, researchers have concerns about social media integration in higher education due to associated challenges and possible negative outcomes [1]. There are many disadvantaged students who are not able to acquire formal education by attending regular classes in an educational institution. No, Is the Subject Area "Social media" applicable to this article? The issue with perhaps the greatest degree of complexity in drafting social media policies is finding language that simultaneously protects the reputation of the institution while respecting academic freedom and First Amendment rights. But content analysis can also be used to quantitatively describe the content of texts [34] [35], essentially turning content analysis into a categorization task. With that out there, I offer what I have collected in my Higher Education Policy Development, as well as Higher Education Law course work. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Is important that higher education responds with agreed upon language to guide the campus community on social media. here. Google searches were therefore constructed so as to retrieve documents of all of these types. These incidents were public and high-visibility specifically because they happened on Twitter. A conti… Boudreaux [24] found that “social media policies tend to evolve through three distinct stages”: Mitigation, Information, and Differentiation. In response, the AAUP condemned the Kansas social media policy “as a gross violation of the fundamental principles of academic freedom” [43] (para. For example, the following policy was taken from a student honor code document: “The activities of students, as well as other members of the [institution] community outside the classroom, influence the educational process and learning environment, just as the intellectual atmosphere of the campus contributes to students’ growth and development. Noté /5. A social media policy is your business code of conduct, letting people in your organization know how to act on social media. The “search within a site” feature of Google was employed, making use of these institutions' URLs, to supplement keyword searching. Keywords: social media, policy, higher education, technology acceptance model. With these connected, digital technologies, our colleges and universities understand there are both opportunities and threats that social media affords. Most social media policies, both for institutions and for individual units, are written to apply to all members of the relevant community. However, the evidence of positive impact of the reforms on the poor, minorities and the socially excluded is minimal. Social media has brought about a new communication landscape and this has far reaching implications for higher education and academic practice. For example, all campuses of the ITT Technical Institute share the domain itt-tech.edu. The extant literature in this area focuses on how social networking has been used and the potential ethical dilemmas of this use (e.g., [22]). We are UK-wide, independent and non-partisan devoted exclusively to higher education. Large institutions were more likely than any other size to have individual units with their own social media policies: 15.7% of all unique large institutions, but 5% or less for institutions of all other sizes. A variety of court cases have risen in the last decade surrounding social media where both students and educational institutions have taken up legal action based around online behavior. While colleges often have many policies in place to prevent these various occurrences, what is often missing is a mechanism to handle digital spaces. Table 1 shows some examples of policies in these categories. This was done because the policies at these institutions are uniform across all locations – unlike in many state university systems. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127485, Academic Editor: Elisabeth Hildt, Illinois Institute of Technology, UNITED STATES, Received: June 16, 2014; Accepted: March 25, 2015; Published: May 27, 2015, Copyright: © 2015 Pomerantz et al. The Kansas Board of Regents used this as justification for censuring faculty members on social media platforms, particularly when these faculty members self-identified as a member of the institution or otherwise evoked the name of the institution on the social media platform. If a student is stuck with their homework, they can always communicate with their friends or tutors. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127485.g004. With this comes a need for a sound governance structure, and this paper aims to investigate the prevalence and content of social media policies within the UK higher education environment. During the 2012 Summer Olympics, for example, two athletes were expelled from the Games: Voula Papachristou, a member of the Greek Olympic team, and Michel Morganella, a member of the Swiss team, for tweeting racist comments [7] [8]. 9 November. As scholars and educational officers, they should remember that the public may judge their profession and their institution by their utterances. While Google has its limitations, the variability in search tools implemented on different institutions' websites is too great to provide consistent results. Lecturers now prefer assignments and projects to be submitted to their emails. In a survey reported in the Times Higher Education Supplement, more than a third of academics express concern about falling standards [4]. Nursing Departments were consistently the most likely to have policies, with 26% of all social media policies at the unit level referring to these departments. The catalog of incidences of ill-advised academic tweeting continues to grow: recent stories that have attracted the attention of the popular and academic presses have included Gloria Gadsen’s suspension from East Stoudsburg University after posting threatening Facebook posts, and the outrage from the National Rifle Association after University of Kansas professor David Gruth’s inflammatory post about the Navy Yard shooting. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JP. M Brown, N … There is also an active research community addressing the role of social media in such diverse areas as the lives of teenagers [11], personal privacy [12], and political movements [13]. Yes Higher education, social media, social media policy, comparative analysis, policy analysis, Web 2.0 Abstract The creativity, collaboration, and advanced communication afforded by the use of social media also opens privacy and safety concerns for potential users inside and outside the realm of higher education. An extensive body of literature exists on various aspects of social media. No, Is the Subject Area "Twitter" applicable to this article? At the time, Miller was a visiting professor at New York University, on leave from the University of New Mexico. Lecture notes, handouts and reading materials are made … Social media integration in an educational setting offers many advantages to higher education institutions (HEIs). It's easy to see why: NYU and UNM, like most universities in the United States, have institutional review boards and thorough sets of policies governing the conduct of research. The Google search results were embedded in the task page seen by Mechanical Turk workers. This is likely due to the fact that large institutions are more likely than smaller to be divided up into units that operate semi-independently, such as colleges, schools, or medical facilities. Policies focused on mitigation are concerned with risk and protecting the organization, and all tend to look similar, containing recommendations such as to "be authentic” and to respect copyright. By and large, however, there are few notable differences between policies at different institutions, and even few differences between policies for different campus units at different institutions. Through social media, students find it easy as well as convenient to communicate, access information, and to provide information. As the promise of the positives afforded by weaving social media into the fabric of higher education has been realized, so too have concerns over how this “social network” is governed and managed at colleges and universities. Some institutions have started to move beyond this simple advice, to use the social media policy as a vehicle for disseminating information, such as links to other relevant policy documents. Every successful social media account for a university, or for any organization or company requires an effective social media policy and strategy. As discussed above, the content analysis performed on social media policies was based on the results of analyses by Boudreaux [24] and the National Labor Relations Board [18]. As mentioned above, a far greater percentage of residential institutions have social media policies than non-residential institutions, and a far greater percentage of 4-year institutions have social media policies than 2-year institutions. Yes Almost no social media policies for campus units referred to other policies. This study is descriptive of the “state of the art” in the development of social media policies in higher education, in 2013. No other breakdown of institutions by categories articulated in the Carnegie Classifications Data File showed any notable differences. Social media provides a unique stage for interaction amongst students and teachers and amongst students themselves. This state-of-the-art study provided a depiction of the social media landscape for higher education and insights into the development of this area of research and practice. These reports were borne out of the NLRB’s finding that some social media policies from the business sector contained provisions that were not legal. There was a great deal of consistency in the individual campus units at institutions that have social media policies. 5 Best Social Media Practices for Higher Education. Are you in charge of social media marketing for higher education? Though often signed by all members of a college community, a community compact depends on a top-down approach, relying on faculty, staff, and administrators to embody these values and bring them into student life as vividly and rigorously as possible. In conducting this research and publishing this manuscript, the authors were careful to adhere to the terms of the Amazon Mechanical Turk Participation Agreement [26]. ), which of course also loosely corresponds to geographic region. GEM Report higher education policy paper social media resources. Many public figures have run into problems over what they have posted to a social media platform. There is, however, no way to know how many other institutions may also be in the process of developing social media policies. As a result, a variety of methods have followed, including creating a campus social media policy, guidelines and/or best practices. One of the ways universities can be proactive in preventing these problems is by expanding their code of conduct policy to include social media and enforcing it. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The social media policy constructed by the Kansas Board of Regents [41] in response to the heavily discussed tweet of a University of Kansas professor includes the following quote from the 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure of the American Association of University Professors [42]: “College and university teachers are citizens, members of a learned profession, and officers of an educational institution. Social media in higher education has become an essential chapter in almost every institution’s playbook. More of the frequent users … A student can connect with anyone at any point in time via Kids Messenger or WhatsApp. Professors use social media as a way of teaching by creating groups and accounts for students where … We’d love to walk you through the basics. Searches were provided to multiple Turkers in order to ensure the identification of the maximum number of documents that could be considered social media policies or guidelines. Institutions of higher education like their policies. The best approach would likely be to hire people dedicated to social media who are skilled in digital marketing, outline your goals and communicate them, put a policy in place to govern things like response time, tone, diversity, and so on, and then let them go to town. Doctorate-granting universities were proportionally more likely to have social media policies than any other institution type. While some have raised concerns about ethical issues involved in crowdsourcing work [27], the quality of work produced in this way has been established in a variety of fields [28] [29] [30], and research has even been conducted to identify techniques for how to obtain quality work [31]. Study data are available from the Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange digital repository, TRACE: http://trace.tennessee.edu/, under the DOI 10.7290/V70Z7156. In order to keep pace with this development, it behooves institutions of higher education to not only develop social media policies (or to integrate social media into other policies, such as honor codes and codes of conduct), but to revisit them frequently, as the applications and uses of social media … The second stage of use of Mechanical Turk was to collect the URLs of institutions' social media policies or guidelines, if any. But what are the key ways that social media can help your college, university or training company reap the rewards of a great social media strategy? The device we carry in our pocket these days is no longer just a phone. Many organizations make the mistake of waiting until they’ve already faced a PR disaster to put a policy in place. Websites were found for 99% of the institutions in the Carnegie Classifications Data File had websites (n = 4,581). Yes Krippendorff’s alpha [36] was therefore used as the measure of inter-coder reliability, as, unlike many agreement statistics, it may be used to calculate the agreement between more than two coders. This was a straightforward task: given the name, city, and state of an institution (from the Carnegie Classifications Data File), the Turk worker was asked to provide the URL of the institution's official website. Minutes from meetings in which social media was discussed, often meetings of Boards of Governors; Pages providing links to all of the social media accounts maintained by the institution; Presentations about social media and developing social media policies; Course catalogs that list courses that address social media, or the syllabi for such courses; and. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127485.g005. Institutions of higher education would be wise to take note. Twitter was a close second at 82.6% and 86.1%, respectively. This makes sense, as large institutions are often divided up into units that operate semi-independently, such as colleges, schools, or medical facilities. This approach ran the clear risk of false positives, where some Turkers would identify documents that were not social media policies or guidelines. However, many identifiably distinct communities exist at institutions of higher education. Retrouvez Social Media in Higher Education: Case Studies, Reflections and Analysis et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Based on the results of those two analyses, we developed a questionnaire to enable Turkers to identify topics addressed in social media policies. Many forms of nonacademic conduct, as well as all facets of the academic process, are therefore areas of proper concern and regulation by the [institution] community.”. Prior to launching the content analysis, this questionnaire was piloted twice, with 5 Turkers conducting content analysis on 10 randomly-selected institutions’ social media policies per pilot round. Social networks refer to the groups that form through the use of social media. Proactivity sets a precedent. Through social media, students find it easy as well as convenient to communicate, access information, and to provide information. As these social, emerging technologies impact teaching, learning, research, and work functions on campus, we need to understand how social media use and behaviors are being supported. Social Media In Higher Education. Of these, 660 institutions had policies only for the institution, 91 had policies only for one or more individual departments or campus units, and 71 had policies both for the institution and for one or more departments or units (80.3%, 11.1%, and 8.6% of institutions with social media policies, respectively). In order to keep pace with this development, it behooves institutions of higher education to not only develop social media policies (or to integrate social media into other policies, such as honor codes and codes of conduct), but to revisit them frequently, as the applications and uses of social media evolve. Yes As discussed above, Boudreaux [24] identified three distinct stages in the evolution of social media policies: Mitigation, Information, and Differentiation. The outbreak of COVID-19 brought about global lockdown and educational managers were confronted with the unenviable choice of closing institutions until the pandemic plummeted or learning new ways of content delivery. Counting all medical- and health-related units (e.g., Pharmacy, Dental Hygiene, Radiology, etc. Hence they should at all times be accurate, should exercise appropriate restraint, should show respect for the opinions of others, and should make every effort to indicate that they are not speaking for the institution.”. Given the protections for patient information in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA), it makes a great deal of sense that health-related units would develop policies to ensure that their students are aware that these protections apply to social media. It may be simply that in an intentional community such as a residential campus setting, there is more of a need for policies regulating behavior to be explicit, while at non-residential institutions students’ behavior is more strongly influenced by factors off-campus, such as work and family. The number of institutions in each top-level category in the Data File is as follows: Amazon's Mechanical Turk was used to collect and analyze data for this study, in three stages, between August 2012 – July 2013. Higher parents’ involvement. Turkers identified many documents as social media guidelines that were instead documents of several different types: The third and final stage of use of Mechanical Turk was to perform content analysis on the social media policy documents, to identify the issues addressed in these documents. Additionally, it reaffirms community values by redefining in-person misconduct for digital spaces and similarly outlines an equivalent disciplinary process for infractions. These include: blogs (8.3%); Wikipedia (7.4%); Pinterest (6.6%); FourSquare (6.2%); and Instagram, Tumblr, iTunes and iTunesU, and Vimeo, all at under 5% each. A robust policy not only benefits campus life—be that online, in person, or both—it functions as a measure of protection, preventing an institution from having to perform crisis management in a highly digitally literate world where scandal is quick to go viral and stoke widespread outrage. Moreover, students use online social network (OSN) platforms daily from 10 to 60 min on average, even when studying. Social Media Trends for Higher Education in 2019 Rob Armstrong-Haworth. Higher education social media guidelines should include: Social media style guide; Social media best practices All policies are written to apply to entire communities. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127485.t001. Social Media Policy Marymount Primary School Introduction Marymount Primary School realizes that part of 21st century learning is adapting to the changing methods of communication. This content analysis was conducted between 22 May – 3 July 2013. Click Download or Read Online button to get Social Media In Higher Education book now. A well-written policy clearly delineates the scope of “social media”, i.e. After removing false positives, 822 institutions were found to have social media policies (17.7% of institutions in the Carnegie Classifications Data File, or 22.7% of the 3,620 unique institutions). Boudreaux analyzes corporate social media policies according to several criteria, including tone, separation of personal and official uses, guidelines regarding the use of specific social media applications, and links to other relevant organizational policies. The answer is to outsource. News stories, predominately negative in nature, have highlighted the unprofessional conduct of college and university employees and the issues surrounding the implementation of social … Master's Colleges and Universities: 32.1%. As with any new policy arena, this landscape is shifting rapidly. But none referred to any individuals or campus units that had authority to enforce these social media policies. 1. Given the potential for liability, and the National Labor Relations Board’s attention to social media policies, it behooves institutions of higher education to develop policies quickly that take into account the rights of students and faculty, while mitigating risk to the institution. Publishers push ResearchGate harder in copyright battle . By utilizing a social media screening service, a school can easily screen candidates as a prerequisite for employment as well as oversee current employee’s public social data for the issues that often plague campuses most often: hate speech, violence, and sexual harassment. It says that the apex regulatory body in higher education will “use technology to reduce human interface to ensure efficiency and transparency”. Options for studying abroad when in Nigeria are open to students who are not financially buoyant to travel out of the country. However, setting a strategy up in advance protects you from dealing with those problems, to begin with. Develop … The authors consider this unlikely, however, as institutions of higher education generally have their policy and handbook documents accessible via the open web. As a CRA, Social Intelligence helps colleges and universities institute the necessary protocols such as permissible purpose, disclosures and authorization, plans for adverse action, and a dispute resolution process as mandated under the FCRA. In the early 1970s, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching developed what has come to be the most commonly used classification system for institutions of higher education worldwide: the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Guidelines are also necessary for institutions struggling with the construction of social media policies. No, Is the Subject Area "Science policy" applicable to this article? Jisc has revealed its top social media superstars of the year, writes Chris Parr. Searches followed this pattern: (“social media” OR “social networking”) (policy OR guidelines OR handbook) site:unc.edu. However, setting a strategy up in advance protects you from dealing with those problems, to begin with. (More differentiated institutions of course have unique URLs: unc.edu is UNC-Chapel Hill, for example, while unca.edu is UNC-Asheville.) Yes / No”). Analysis was done by institution and campus unit, finding that social media policies were most likely to appear at doctorate-granting institutions and health, athletics, and library units. If the claim of tweeting in the name of research turned out to be false – as UNM ruled it to be [3] – then there would be clear policies to fall back on. Follow Us. Athletics and campus Libraries came in a distant second and third, at 10% and 7% respectively. Google personalizes search results for individual users [32], but this was not an issue here, as the “user” doing the searching was Mechanical Turk; therefore the results from each search were identical for all three Turkers. This work, as might be expected, tends to be more pragmatic: why organizations should have social media policies [14], how to write these policies [15], and how to leverage social media for the benefit of the organization [16] [17]. For institutions that operate entirely online, this may be a non-issue, but as communication during the COVID-19 crisis forces academia to pivot almost entirely to online instruction, enacting institutional values in digital spaces has become all the more poignant. ), geographic region (Southeast, Great Lakes, etc. Many of the institutions listed in the Carnegie Classifications Data File are members of larger systems – including all of the authors' own institutions. Some of these policy documents explicitly address social media: this following policy, for example, was taken from a section on social media in a document concerning all institutional policies: “Social media usage at [institution] is governed by the same policies that govern all other electronic communications.”. In the past few years, social media screening has emerged as an efficient and viable process for streamlining HR’s workflow while simultaneously maintaining school policy. Funding: Association for Library and Information Science Education (ALISE)(http://www.alise.org/) provided a Research Grant to the authors. The researchers cleaned this data manually, to eliminate false positives. Judging by their names (because there was not much else to go on, not having a website to consult), most of the institutions that did not have websites were yeshivas (Jewish religious institutions that produce rabbis, more or less the equivalent of seminaries). 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